2022年9月15日 星期四

Furor Over Documenta Highlights a Widening Chasm in Germany 藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧


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紐時周報精選 Furor Over Documenta Highlights a Widening Chasm in Germany 藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧
A Signal of Climate Change Just Got More Dire 氣候變遷之兆愈顯不祥
紐時周報精選
 
Furor Over Documenta Highlights a Widening Chasm in Germany 藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧
文/Alex Marshall
譯/李京倫

藝術展風波 凸顯德國深刻分歧

Documenta, an art world mega-event held every five years in Kassel, Germany, is no stranger to controversy. Yet this year's edition has eclipsed anything in the past.

每五年在德國卡塞爾舉辦的藝術界盛事「文獻展」,對爭議並不陌生,不過今年爭議之大,超越以往。

Since the sprawling show opened in June, a major artwork has been pulled from display for containing antisemitic caricatures, and the event's director general has resigned. Late last month, some members of the country's governing coalition called for Documenta to be shut down until it could be vetted for further antisemitic works after it emerged that the show also contained drawings made during the 1980s of Israeli soldiers, including one with a hooked nose.

自從這個規模龐大的展覽6月開幕以來,一件大型藝術品因為包含反猶漫畫被撤,活動總監也辭職。這個展覽也包含1980年代描繪多名以色列軍人的畫,其中一名有鷹勾鼻,此事曝光後,德國執政聯盟一些成員上月底呼籲文獻展暫停,直到查出是否有更多反猶作品為止。

The uproar around the images has dominated German newspapers for weeks — but that comes on top of months of allegations that ruangrupa, a collective that curated this year's event, and other artists, were supporters of the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement against Israel, which is widely viewed in Germany as antisemitic.

這些影像引發的軒然大波占據德國報紙版面好幾周,不過在此之前,策畫今年文獻展的團體ruangrupa和其他藝術家,幾個月來一直被指支援反以色列的「抵制、撤資、制裁運動」。ruangrupa在德國被普遍認為是反猶組織。

Taken together, Documenta has become the latest cultural event to highlight a growing divide between the German establishment's views on a boycott of Israel and those of artists, musicians and other creatives, particularly from outside the country.

總之,文獻展已成為最新一場文化活動,凸顯德國建制派與藝術家、音樂家等創意人(尤其來自國外的),對於抵制以色列的看法差異愈來愈大。

The furor around Documenta began six months before the show opened, when a protest group, Alliance Against Antisemitism Kassel, raised accusations of artists supporting the BDS movement. The accusations were made on an anonymous blog but were picked up by German newspapers and repeated by politicians.

關於文獻展的風波在展覽開幕前六個月就開始,當時一個抗議團體「卡塞爾反對反猶情結聯盟」指控藝術家支持抵制、撤資、制裁運動。指控是在匿名部落格發表,被德國報紙報導、政治人物重提。

In June, there was a full-blown scandal when Indonesian art collective Taring Padi installed an artwork called "People's Justice" from 2002 in one of Kassel's main squares.

今年六月有一場醜聞全面爆發,印尼藝術家團體「稻米之牙」在卡塞爾主要廣場之一布置一件2002年的藝術品,名為「人民的正義」。

Around 60 feet long, it is a political banner that features cartoonlike depictions of activists struggling under Indonesia's military rule. Among hundreds of figures is a caricature of a Jew with sidelocks and fangs, wearing a hat emblazoned with the Nazi SS emblem.

作品約60呎(18公尺)長,是一件政治橫幅,特點是以類似政治漫畫的手法,描繪在印尼軍事統治下掙扎的社運人士。在數百人中有一個猶太漫畫人物,在鬢角留著一縷捲髮又有尖牙,戴著一頂標著納粹親衛隊符號的帽子。

Shortly after the work was installed, German politicians and Jewish groups condemned it as antisemitic. Taring Padi and ruangrupa apologized, and the work was taken down.

這件作品布置完成後不久,德國政治人物和猶太團體譴責它反猶。稻米之牙和ruangrupa為此道歉,作品被撤。

With so little trust between the artists and the German media and authorities, even efforts to address the flashpoints at Documenta are facing challenges.

由於藝術家和德國媒體與當局之間幾無互信,就連化解文獻展一觸即發的情勢都面臨挑戰。

 
A Signal of Climate Change Just Got More Dire 氣候變遷之兆愈顯不祥
文/Henry Fountain
譯/陳韋廷

氣候變遷之兆愈顯不祥

The rapid warming of the Arctic, a definitive sign of climate change, is occurring even faster than previously described, researchers in Finland said Thursday.

芬蘭研究人員周四表示,北極迅速暖化是氣候變遷的一個明確跡象,暖化速度比之前所描述更快。

Over the past four decades, the region has been heating up four times faster than the global average, not the two to three times that has commonly been reported. And some parts of the region, notably the Barents Sea north of Norway and Russia, are warming up to seven times faster, they said.

過去40年,該地區暖化速度是全球平均水準的四倍,而非一般報導的兩到三倍。他們表示,該地區的一些地方,尤其是挪威與俄羅斯以北的巴倫支海,變暖速度快了七倍。

One result of rapid Arctic warming is faster melting of the Greenland ice sheet, which adds to sea-level rise. But the impacts extend far beyond the Arctic, reaching down to influence weather such as extreme rainfall and heat waves in North America and elsewhere. By altering the temperature difference between the North Pole and the equator, the warming Arctic appears to have affected storm tracks and wind speed in North America.

北極快速變暖的一個結果是,格陵蘭冰蓋融化速度加快,加劇海平面上升,其影響遠遠超出北極,還往下影響了天氣,如北美和其他地區的極端降雨和熱浪。透過改變北極和赤道之間的溫差,變暖的北極似乎影響了北美的風暴路徑與風速。

Manvendra Dubey, an atmospheric scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, in New Mexico, and an author of an earlier study with similar findings, said the faster rate of warming of the Arctic was worrisome, and points to the need to closely monitor the region.

新墨西哥州洛薩拉摩斯國家實驗室大氣科學家杜貝,先前曾撰寫一份研究報告得出類似結論。他表示,北極暖化速度加快令人擔憂,並指出有必要密切監測該區。

"One has to measure it much better, and all the time, because we are at the precipice of many tipping points," like the complete loss of Arctic sea ice in summers, he said.

他說,「人們必須更妥善的測量,而且要一直如此,因為我們正處於許多臨界點的邊緣」,例如夏季北極海冰完全消失。

The two studies serve as a sharp reminder that humans continue to burn fossil fuels and pump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere at rates that are dangerously heating the planet and unleashing extreme weather.

這兩項研究強烈提醒人們,人類繼續燃燒化石燃料並向大氣排放溫室氣體的速度,正危險的讓地球變暖,並釋放出極端天氣。

Weeks after a deadly heat wave clamped down on European capitals, extreme temperatures are again engulfing western Europe this week. The heaviest rainfall in decades inundated Seoul, South Korea, killing at least nine and damaging nearly 3,000 structures. The McKinney wildfire continues to rage in Northern California, destroying 60,000 acres, killing four people and triggering a mass fish kill.

在致命熱浪席捲歐洲各國首都數星期後,極端高溫本周再次席捲西歐。數十年來最大的降雨淹沒了南韓首爾,造成至少9人死亡,近3000棟建築受損。麥金尼野火繼續在北加州肆虐,燒毀6萬英畝土地,造成4人死亡並引發大量魚類喪生。

If the rate of warming in the Arctic continues to speed up, the influence on weather could worsen, one of the researchers said. Projections of future climate impacts might need to be adjusted, said Mika Rantanen, a researcher at the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Helsinki.

一名研究人員說,如果北極暖化速度持續加快,對天氣的影響可能會惡化。位於赫爾辛基的芬蘭氣象研究所研究員米卡.蘭塔南表示,對於未來氣候影響的預測可能需要調整。

Even as the U.S. Congress is on the cusp of passing historic climate legislation, the country is still far from its goal to stop adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by 2050.

即便美國國會即將通過歷史性的氣候法案,美國距離在2050年前停止向大氣排放二氧化碳的目標仍很遙遠。

 

 
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